China Science

The article discusses masquerade politics in Southeastern Nigeria in the 21st century. The article mentions the Igbo tribe and its revival of masquerade festivals and burial ceremonies following the Nigerian Civil War. The article discusses the concept of modern Nigerian identity, ethnic elements of Nigeria, and a localized sense of identity. The article mentions an increase of money coming into Nigera in the late 20th century as a result of oil revenues, and the parallel increase in Nigerian masquerades, rural festivals, and burial ceremonies. The article mentions the presence of Christian and evangelical churches in Nigeria, and it theorizes an increase in hostility towards traditional culture as a result.

Bentor, Eli1Email: bentore@appstate.edu
[1]Appalachian State University, United States

The article discusses masquerade and masking traditions in Africa as being a primary topic of African art studies in the 20th century. The article mentions precolonial pasts, traditions of visual practice, and the interest of European modernist artists in African art. The article mentions the modernist painting “Les Demoiselles d’Avignon,” by Pablo Picasso, and the mask-like visuals featured in the work. Artists mentioned include Ben Enonowu, Uche Okeke, Keith Piper, Eddie Chambers, and Ras Ishi Butcher. The article also mentions the term “Ethnographic,” as well as the circumstances of production, distribution, and consumption of African art traditions.

Gore, CharlesEmail: cg2@soas.ac.uk

For the prediction of the air; product temperatures, the product moisture,; the air humidity during a coating process in a Bohle Lab-Coater, a model was developed. The purpose of this work was to determine the limit moisture, the critical moisture,; the constant for the exchange rate between both zones; to use these values for other sets of experiments to test the model. The adaptation of the 3 parameters (limit moisture, critical moisture,; exchange rate constant), was done by calculation of the product temperature in both zones for several sets of parameters in order to minimize the sum of square deviation between the calculated; the measured product temperatures. This set of parameters was used to test the validity of the model. By applying the model, the product temperature could be predicted based on the product, process,; equipment-related parameters. Hence, the model can be used to theoretically investigate the influence of different process paramaters. The mean difference between the predicted,; measured product temperatures in the steady state is ?2 up to 3 K using the determined parameter set for the limit moisture, the critical moisture,; the exchange rate constant. The model is useful for the prediction of the air; product temperatures, the product moisture,; air humidity during a coating process in the Bohle Lab-Coater using round, biconvex tablets.

Susanne Page1?Karl-Heinrich Baumann2?Peter Kleinebudde3Email:Kleinebudde@uni-duesseldorf.de
[1] Institute of Pharmaceutics; Biopharmaceutics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany ;[2] Department of Engineering, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Geusaer Str 132, D-06217 Merseburg, Germany ;[3] Institute of Pharmaceutics; Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr 1, 40627 Düsseldorf, Germany ;[4] Present address: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland

The purpose of this study was to develop a model to predict (1) air; product temperatures, (2) product moisture,; (3) air humidity during an aqueous coating process using a Bohle Lab-Coater. Because of the geometrical properties; the airflow, the drum of the Bohle Lab-Coater can in principle be divided into 2 zones of equal size—the drying; the spraying zones. For each zone, 4 balance equations could be set up describing the change of the air humidity, the product moisture, the enthalpy of the air,; the enthalpy of the product in each zone. For this purpose, knowledge regarding heat; mass transfer; also the motion of the tablets in drums was used. Based on the considerations of the heat; mass transfer, a set of first-order coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs) was developed. This set of ODEs can be solved numerically. In this part, the development of the model is described in detail, whereas the application of the model can be found in part 2.

Susanne Page1?Karl-Heinrich Baumann2?Peter Kleinebudde3Email:Kleinebudde@uni-duesseldorf.de
[1] Institute of Pharmaceutics; Biopharmaceutics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany ;[2] Department of Engineering, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Geusaer Str 132, D-06217 Merseburg, Germany ;[3] Institute of Pharmaceutics; Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr 1, 40627 Düsseldorf, Germany ;[4] Present address: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland

The purpose of this study was to achieve a better therapeutic efficacy; patient compliance in the treatment for vaginitis. Clotrimazole (1%) has been formulated in a vaginal gel using the thermosensitive polymer Pluronic F127 (20%) together with mucoadhesive polymers such as Carbopol 934; hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (0.2% for both). To increase its aqueous solubility., clotrimazole was incorporated as its inclusion complex with 1?1 molar ratio with ?-cyclodextrin. The inclusion complex was thoroughly characterized using various techniques, including [1]H NMR spectroscopy, FT IR spectrophotometry, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, phase solubility studies,; determination of stability constant (k1?1). The gelation temperature; rheological behavior of different formulations at varying temperatures were measured. In vitro release profiles of the gels were determined in pH 5.5 citrate buffer. It was observed that complexation with cyclodextrin slowed down the release of clotrimazole considerably. Carbopol 934, on the other hand, was found to interact with ?-cyclodextrin, inducing precipitation. As far as rheological properties are concerned, thermosensitive in situ gelling was obtained with formulations containing drug: cyclodextrin complex rather than with free drug. Thus, the optimum formulation for a controlled-release thermosensitive; mucoadhesive vaginal gel was determined to be clotrimazole: ?-cyclodextrin 1% with 0.2% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose in Pluronic F127 gel (20%) providing continuous; prolonged release of active material above MIC values.

Erem Bilensoy1Email:eremino@hacettepe.edu.tr?M. Abdur Rouf1?Imran Vural1?Murat ?en2?A. Atilla Hincal1
[1] Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 06100 Ankara, Turkey ;[2] Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, 06532 Beytepe-Ankara, Turkey

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change of surface roughness; the development of the film during the film coating process using laser profilometer roughness measurements, SEM imaging,; energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Surface roughness; texture changes developing during the process of film coating tablets were studied by noncontact laser profilometry; scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An EDX analysis was used to monitor the magnesium stearate; titanium dioxide of the tablets. The tablet cores were film coated with aqueous hydroxypropyl methylcellulose,; the film coating was performed using an instrumented pilot-scale side-vented drum coater. The SEM images of the film-coated tablets showed that within the first 30 minutes, the surface of the tablet cores was completely covered with a thin film. The magnesium signal that was monitored by SEM-EDX disappeared after ?15 to 30 minutes, indicating that the tablet surface was homogeneously covered with film coating. The surface roughness started to increase from the beginning of the coating process,; the increase in the roughness broke off after 30 minutes of spraying. The results clearly showed that the surface roughness of the tablets increased until the film coating covered the whole surface area of the tablets, corresponding to a coating time period of 15 to 30 minutes (from the beginning of the spraying phase). Thereafter, the film only became thicker. The methods used in this study were applicable in the visualization of the changes caused by the film coating on the tablet surfaces.

Paulus Seitavuopio1Email:paulus.seitavuopio@helsinki.fi?Jyrki Hein?m?ki1?Jukka Rantanen2?Jouko Yliruusi1
[1] Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland ;[2] Drug Discovery Technology Center, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland

In spite of being sheared along the so-called pseudo-twinning direction, ?-TiAl undergoes true twinning under zero pressure or hydrostatic tension by means of a specific combination of , and shears in two consecutive (1 1 1) matrix planes allowing the adjacent twin to thicken over one (1 1 1) atomic layer. The corresponding total shear strain of is four times as large as that generated by conventional deformation twinning or during the L10 to L11 transformation by or shears, respectively. This shear is substantially more effective in accommodating stress concentration and high strain rate than conventional deformation twinning. The conditions under which twinning by dislocations operates are interpreted based on a modified gamma-surface and discussed in terms of zonal partial dislocations.

Dongsheng XuaEmail:dsxu@imr.ac.cn?Hao Wanga?Rui Yanga?Patrick Veyssièreb
[a]Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;[b]LEM, CNRS-ONERA, BP 72, 92322 Chatillon, France

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Two-point statistics describe the first-order spatial correlations between the constituent distinct local states in the internal structure of the material. These are usually recovered by randomly throwing vectors of all sizes and orientations into the material microstructure. Building on very recent advances in this emerging field, it is demonstrated in this paper that the complete set of 2-point correlations carry all of the information needed to uniquely reconstruct an eigen microstructure to within an translation and/or an inversion. For this purpose, novel algorithms based on phase-recovery methods used in signal processing have been developed and successfully implemented. The computational speed and the versatility of these new mathematical procedures are demonstrated through reconstruction of several two- and three-dimensional microstructures from their 2-point statistics.

David T. Fullwooda?Stephen R. Niezgodab?Surya R. KalidindibEmail:skalidin@coe.drexel.edu
[a]Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;[b]Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA